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Showing posts from 2026

Beneath the stone: Revisiting the New Jersey mandir controversy

By Rajiv Shah  A recent report published in the British media outlet The Guardian , titled “Workers carved the largest modern Hindu temple in the west. Now, some have incurable lung disease,” took me back to my visits to the New Jersey mandir —first in 2022, when it was still under construction, though parts of it were open to visitors, and again in 2024, after its completion.

India’s digital crackdown: The quiet rise of an infrastructure of censorship

By Mohd. Ziyaullah Khan*  India’s claim to being the world’s largest democracy is increasingly being tested not only in its institutions, but also in its digital public sphere. The internet, once celebrated as a space for free expression and dissent, is steadily being reshaped into a tightly monitored ecosystem.

Viral lies, silent damage: The cost of misinformation in a hyperconnected world

By Mohd Ziyaullah Khan*  The evolution of information has been rapid and irreversible. We have moved from an era of structured 24-hour news cycles —where trained editors verified facts—to a digital ecosystem in which smartphones deliver instant updates in real time. Today, every individual is effectively a publisher. While this democratisation of information has expanded access and participation, it has also blurred the line between truth and falsehood in unprecedented ways.

Ecologist Dr. S. Faizi urges UN intervention to save 35 million Gulf migrants

By A Representative   Renowned ecologist and veteran United Nations negotiator Dr. S. Faizi has issued an urgent appeal to UN Secretary-General António Guterres, calling for immediate diplomatic intervention to halt escalating conflict in the Persian Gulf. In a formal letter copied to several UN missions, Faizi warned that the lives and livelihoods of 35 million migrant workers—who comprise the vast majority of the population in many Gulf cities—are facing an unprecedented existential crisis.

From ceasefires to strikes: How Israeli pressure shapes U.S. policy in the region

By Dr. Manoj Kumar Mishra*  The ongoing Middle East conflict underscores a striking divergence between Israeli persistence and American vacillation. While the United States under President Donald Trump oscillated between escalation and negotiation, Israel pursued a consistent military campaign against Iran and its regional allies, demonstrating a willingness to absorb higher costs in pursuit of perceived existential security.

Beyond the conflict: The global movements reshaping modern politics

By ​Bhabani Shankar Nayak*  ​U.S. foreign policy, its regional allies, and their aligned forces have led the world into a period of significant instability, economic hardship, and despair by engaging in wars and conflicts between neighboring countries. This strategy appears intended to fragment unity and solidarity among people. Currently, the United States has seen approximately 3,100 anti-war protest events involving over nine million participants. Protests against the prevailing economic system, specific geopolitical ideologies, and interventionist policies have become frequent in London, Paris, and Berlin. 

Badbū: The scent of survival and the stench of surrender in two Hindi masterpieces

By Ravi Ranjan*  Shekhar Joshi ’s short story ‘BadbÅ«’ (Stench), a landmark of Hindi's Nayi Kahani movement , and Hari Bhatnagar ’s later story of the same title offer two stark portraits of Indian society’s encounter with industrial modernity and urban decay . Both use the motif of stench not as mere sensory detail but as a profound symbol of human consciousness under pressure—resistance in one, moral rot in the other. Joshi’s narrative unfolds inside a factory where chemical smells threaten to erase the worker’s humanity; Bhatnagar’s exposes the inner filth of a frustrated middle-class home. Together they map the journey from collective working-class awakening in the early industrial era to individual middle-class alienation in post-liberalisation India.

Civil society flags widespread violations of land acquisition Act before Parliamentary panel

By Jag Jivan   Civil society organisations and stakeholders from across India have presented stark evidence before the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Rural Development and Panchayati Raj , alleging systemic violations of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLARR) Act, 2013 , particularly in Scheduled Areas and tribal regions.

A landscape defined by thirst: Climate, water and energy in Rapar, Kutch

By Gazala Paul*  In the cracked margins of the Little Rann of Kutch , where the monsoon arrives reluctantly—or not at all—life in Rapar is measured in the language of thirst. This district, with its 97 villages and some 250 hamlets, sits on a salt-rimmed plain that tells a stark story: erratic rains, saline groundwater, thin rocky soils, and a sky that often promises more than it delivers. More than two-thirds of Kutch lies barren. 

India’s farmers between policy promises and harsh realities: Double income or double crisis?

By Vikas Meshram*  In a country that proudly calls itself agrarian, the continuing suicides of farmers and agricultural labourers remain a moral and policy failure. The scale of distress is not anecdotal; it is starkly visible in data compiled by institutions such as the Centre for Science and Environment . In 2021 alone, 10,881 people linked to the agricultural sector died by suicide—an average of nearly thirty lives lost every day. This was the highest figure in five years, surpassing even 2016, when 11,379 such deaths were recorded. These numbers are not just statistics; they represent broken households, abandoned fields, and a deepening crisis that refuses to recede.

When learning challenges power: Students, speech, and the limits of freedom

By Raqif Makhdoomi*  We were told, “Knowledge liberates.” Today, the reality often appears otherwise. Knowledge seems to unsettle power, and those who speak through it frequently face consequences. The continued incarceration of Sharjeel Imam and Umar Khalid for several years is cited by many as an example of how dissenting voices rooted in education and political awareness can be treated. Their supporters argue that education compelled them to question what they believed was unjust and to resist it.

The 70,000 crore hole: 'Mismanagement' in Madhya Pradesh’s Electricity Board

By Rajkumar Sinha*  Twenty-three years ago, acting on the advisory directives tied to a loan from the Asian Development Bank, the Madhya Pradesh Electricity Board was unbundled into three distinct corporate entities. The stated objective was to eliminate the Board's financial losses. Today, over two decades later, the reality is stark: a deficit that stood at 2,100 crore rupees has ballooned to a staggering 50,000 crore rupees. 

Protesters in UK cities voice concerns over alleged developments in Bastar region

By A Representative   Demonstrations were held across several cities in the United Kingdom on March 28, as groups and activists gathered to protest what they described as state actions in India under the reported “Operation Kagar.”

Two decades on, Sea the Stars still towers over racing history

By Harsh Thakor*  On April 6, the world of horse racing celebrates the 20th birthday of the equine icon Sea the Stars. In 2009, he transcended racing glory, scaling heights that redefined thoroughbred supremacy in almost mythical terms. He personified the perfect racehorse, combining speed, endurance, temperament, composure, intelligence and an indomitable will to win. In his performances, one could scarcely have asked for more from a thoroughbred—he executed every task with clinical precision, often exceeding expectations.

Minority rights group calls for wider consultation on UCC before governor’s assent

By A Representative    The Minority Coordination Committee Gujarat has submitted a detailed representation to the Governor of Gujarat, urging that assent be withheld from the recently passed Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Bill by the state assembly. The memorandum, submitted from the Committee’s office in Mirzapur, raises constitutional, legal, federal and social concerns regarding the proposed legislation.

A forgotten hamlet on Chandigarh’s doorstep: no water, no roof, no future

By Bharat Dogra   Just 15 kilometres from the gleaming high-rises of Mohali , where Punjab’s urban dream meets Chandigarh ’s manicured lawns, lies a settlement the city prefers not to see. The Valmiki hamlet of Majatri village is close enough to the capital’s comforts, yet light-years away from its basic necessities.

60% non-fossil fuel target misleading without absolute emission cuts, warns climate analyst

By A Representative   A day after the Union Cabinet approved India’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for the 2031-2035 period, a prominent climate policy analyst has raised serious concerns, arguing that the commitments are insufficient to protect the country’s vulnerable populations and its environment.

The soundtrack of resistance: How 'Sada Sada Ya Nabi' is fueling the Iran war

​ By Syed Ali Mujtaba*  ​The Persian track “ Sada Sada Ya Nabi ye ” by Hossein Sotoodeh has taken the world by storm. This viral media has cut across linguistic barriers to achieve cult status, reaching over 10 million views. The electrifying music and passionate rendition by the Iranian singer have resonated across the globe, particularly as the high-intensity military conflict involving Iran entered its second month in March 2026.

Palestine: The myth of the promised land and the reality of occupation

By Raqif Makhdoomi*  The question of Palestine did not begin on October 8. Its roots stretch back to November 2, 1917, when British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour issued a letter to Lord Walter Rothschild pledging support for a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. Known as the Balfour Declaration, this document—produced during World War I—was intended to secure Jewish support for the Allied cause. Yet it sowed the seeds of a lasting conflict by promising a homeland on territory already inhabited by a predominantly Arab population.

When U.S. acts impulsively, invests in weapons and in maintaining a deadly military...

By Guillermo R. Barreto   We are witnessing a turning point in history. We are experiencing a crisis that goes beyond an economic crisis. We are facing a true crisis of civilization. The U.S., as an imperial power, is increasingly showing its decline, and in that decline, it acts irrationally, endangering all of humanity. It is not merely the fact that they have an 'incoherent' and violent president, a racist and misogynistic sexual predator; Trump is not an anomaly. He is merely an extreme and bizarre manifestation of what the U.S. has been since its founding.

'Imperial overreach': Why the West’s war on Iran may have backfired

By Vidya Bhushan Rawat*  The massive antiwar rallies across the United States and other Western countries have categorically demonstrated that Donald Trump and his government’s war on Iran has become highly unpopular. They also reflect that people understand the huge propaganda that is unleashed through the crony corporate media, which is part and parcel of the entire US game plan to create a fake narrative and legitimize their intervention.

Rejoinder: Why the AI-generated Gandhian view on the Middle East war is not justice-based

By Bharat Dogra  The Global Gandhi Board , a collective of eminent persons chaired by Sam Pitroda , has released (March 26, 2026) an AI-generated statement that it claims reflects what Mahatma Gandhi might have said in response to the present-day Middle East crisis , based on his archives. Those who have endorsed this initiative are highly respected individuals, and expressing disagreement may invite criticism from those close to me. However, in the true Gandhian spirit , it is important to state one’s views honestly.

Concentration of wealth in India at levels 'comparable to colonial times', says new report

By Jag Jivan  A new report published in March 2026 by the Centre for Financial Accountability and the Tax The Top campaign paints a stark picture of deepening economic disparity in India, documenting a concentration of wealth that it argues is “comparable to colonial times.” Titled Wealth Tracker India | Tax the Top. Close the Gap , the compilation presents data from the World Inequality Database and the Hurun Rich List to illustrate the meteoric rise of the ultra-wealthy alongside the stagnation and debt burdens of the majority.

Endosulfan tragedy, Vidarbha deaths cited to challenge Pesticide Licensing Amendments

By A Representative   A formal objection has been lodged against the Centre’s draft notification proposing amendments to the Insecticides Rules, 1971 , with the public interest campaigner Dr. Narasimha Reddy Donthi terming the changes an “unconstitutional restructuring” of India’s pesticide regulatory architecture . The draft rules, published as G.S.R. 190(E) on March 18, 2026, propose a single licence covering “every insecticide” and multiple sale locations, along with an endorsement mechanism for adding products and a nomination facility for licence holders.

The politics of diet: Did gods eat meat? Myths, history and contemporary narratives

By Ram Puniyani*  A recent video by Dhruv Rathi , discussing the dietary habits of Lord Ram, has generated significant controversy. The video, drawing on textual references particularly from the Valmiki Ramayana , suggests that meat consumption was part of the dietary practices described in early sources. It also refers to the prevalence of meat consumption and the use of soma (often described as a ritual drink) in those contexts. The central question raised in public discourse has been whether divine figures, as understood today, could be associated with non-vegetarian food practices.

No voter left behind in West Bengal? Dinhata deletions raise questions

By A Representative   A rights organisation has approached the Election Commission of India alleging large-scale and arbitrary deletion of voters from the electoral roll in West Bengal’s Dinhata Assembly Constituency, raising concerns over the disenfranchisement of former enclave residents who were granted Indian citizenship following the 2015 land boundary settlement with Bangladesh.

The corporate engine: Decoding the 'true intent' of American diplomacy

By Bhabani Shankar Nayak*   ​Friendship is ideally an egalitarian relationship—a space where mutual understanding, support, trust, respect, and dignity thrive. It is meant to expand cooperation, minimize risk, and allow parties to share both success and hardship, creating a society rooted in solidarity. These values are as crucial between nations as they are between people.

Inertia and flow: The poetics of devotional grief in Baabusha Kohli's poems

By Ravi Ranjan*  In the sparse landscape of contemporary Hindi poetry, Baabusha Kohli occupies a singular space where words often fall silent before the weight they carry. Her poems—particularly "Sangi" (Companion) and "Ubarne me dÅ«bÄ« huÄ« aurat" (The Woman Drowned in Recovering)—achieve what great poetry does: they transform personal anguish into philosophical inquiry without losing the rawness of lived experience. Through what might be called an aesthetic of sacred minimalism, Kohli builds a bridge between medieval Bhakti traditions and modern existential struggle, offering a vision of sorrow not as absence but as presence, not as destruction but as transformation.

Troy: The horse who redefined the European middle-distance triple crown

By Harsh Thakor* On March 25th, the racing world celebrates the 50th anniversary of the birth of the legendary Troy—the horse who triumphed in the historic 200th running of the Epsom Derby in 1979. It was fitting that such a milestone edition of the race became a testament to the event's glory, as Troy turned the contest into a virtual procession. I hold unforgettable memories of this equine icon, whom I was fortunate enough to see racing during my schooldays in England.

Beyond the island: Top mythologist reorients the geography of the Ramayana

By Jag Jivan   In a compelling new analysis that challenges conventional geographical assumptions about the ancient epic, writer and mythologist Devdutt Pattanaik has traced the roots of the Ramayana to the forests and river systems of Central and Eastern India, rather than the peninsular south or the modern island nation of Sri Lanka.

'Kaziranga at risk': Ex-officials oppose diverting forest guards for Assam polls

By A Representative   A group of 40 retired officials from the All India and Central Services has written to the Chief Secretary of Assam demanding the withdrawal of an order that deploys the Assam Forest Protection Force (AFPF) for election duty. The letter, dated March 31, 2026, warns that diverting nearly 1,600 forest guards from their primary responsibility of safeguarding Assam’s wildlife would violate both Election Commission of India guidelines and a 2024 Supreme Court directive.  

Will cultural icon Zubeen Garg’s death remain an issue amid Assam poll season?

By Nava Thakuria*  As Assam prepares for the legislative assembly election scheduled for 9 April 2026, the family and supporters of cultural icon Zubeen Garg have appealed to political parties not to invoke his name in electoral discourse. The singer died in Singapore on 19 September 2025 during a yacht outing. His death, and subsequent investigations, have since figured in political exchanges in the state.

Fishermen forced to migrate as Bargi Reservoir fish output falls from 432 to just 28 tonnes

By A Representative   Hundreds of fishermen from villages along the Bargi Reservoir in Madhya Pradesh have been forced to migrate to other water bodies in search of livelihood as fish production in the reservoir continues to decline sharply.

Vandana Shiva’s new book positions community and sustainability at core of climate action

By A Representative   The book Slow Living: What You Can Do About Climate Change by Vandana Shiva and Shreya Jani was formally launched on March 26 at the India International Centre , bringing together environmental thinkers, readers and practitioners for a discussion on sustainable lifestyles and climate action .

Rivers and cities: Examining the social costs of waterfront development in Asia

By Alejandra Amor, Mansee Bal Bhargava  " Rivers, Cities and People " emerges from over two decades of collaborative work between the editors and their sustained engagement with Asian cities. Maartje van Eerd , a senior expert in housing, gender, and social development at IHS, Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies of Erasmus University, has been conducting research in Chennai since 1998, focusing on governance and livelihood aspects of resettlement. Banashree Banerjee, a senior architect and urban planner with over four decades of experience, has long worked on inclusive approaches in urban planning and management, particularly concerning marginalised communities. Both have collaborated extensively in research and education. The impetus for the book crystallised after the 2015 Chennai floods , which triggered large-scale resettlement of slum dwellers from riverbanks to peripheral areas. This was recognised as part of a broader pattern across Asian river cities....

Dr. Ram Bux Singh: Biogas pioneer’s legacy gains urgency amid energy crisis

By A Representative   In an era defined by a global energy crisis and a desperate search for sustainable solutions, the visionary work of an Indian scientist from the mid-20th century is finding renewed, urgent relevance. Dr. Ram Bux Singh , a pioneering figure in biogas and renewable energy , is being posthumously honored by the Government of India, even as his decades-old innovations provide a blueprint for today’s challenges.

Housing sales fall below 1 lakh after 18 quarters, down 13% YoY in Q1 2026

By Jag Jivan    India’s residential real estate market witnessed a continued slowdown in the first quarter of 2026, with housing sales across the top nine cities falling below the one lakh unit mark for the first time in over four years, according to data released by P.E. Analytics Ltd (PropEquity).

Alarming decline in India's repair culture threatens circular economy goals: Study

By Jag Jivan  A comprehensive new study by environmental research and advocacy organisation Toxics Link has painted a worrying picture of India's fading repair culture, warning that the trend towards replacement over repair is accelerating the country's already critical e-waste crisis.

Rights group files complaint over electoral roll purges in North 24 Parganas

By A Representative   A formal complaint has been lodged with the Election Commission of India over what rights activists describe as arbitrary and unconstitutional deletions of bona fide citizens from the electoral roll in Swarupnagar, North 24 Parganas. In a letter dated March 29, 2026, Kirity Roy, Secretary of Banglar Manabadhikar Suraksha Mancha (MASUM) and National Convenor of the Programme Against Custodial Torture & Impunity (PACTI), detailed cases where genuine Indian citizens were allegedly stripped of their voting rights without due process.

One Million Trees for Pir Panjal launched as civil society move for ecological restoration in J&K

By A Representative   A large-scale environmental campaign titled “ One Million Trees for Pir Panjal ” was formally launched in Jammu & Kashmir, marking the beginning of an ambitious afforestation and ecological restoration drive across the Western Himalayas .

Selective morality: The West, the legacy of slavery, and the crisis of global conscience

By Vidya Bhushan Rawat*  The United Nations General Assembly’s recent resolution, moved by Ghana, condemning the trans-Atlantic slave trade as the “gravest crime against humanity” has once again exposed the deep fault lines in global moral politics. While the resolution received wide support, the opposition by the United States, Israel, and Argentina—and the abstention of 52 countries, largely from Europe—raises uncomfortable questions about the sincerity of global commitments to justice, human rights, and historical accountability.

From Ghalib to Neruda: A sociological reading of Dhanwa's 'Sleep' and 'White Night'

By Ravi Ranjan*  Alok Dhanwa's Hindi poems "Sleep" (Ninda) and "White Night" (Sapheda Rata) represent two poles of a single modern sensibility. Where "Sleep" yearns for weightless peace of the soul, "White Night" laments displacement, eroded memory, and collective mourning. Together, they form a profound meditation on modern civilization's burdens.

When democracy becomes a performance: The Tibetan exile experience

By Tseten Lhundup*  I was born in Bylakuppe, one of the largest Tibetan settlements in southern India. From childhood, I grew up in simple barracks, along muddy roads, and in fields with limited resources. Over the years, I have watched our democratic system slowly erode. Observing the recent budget session of the 17th Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile, these “democratic procedures” appear grand and orderly on the surface, yet in reality they amount to little more than empty formalities. The parliamentarians seem largely disconnected from the everyday struggles faced by ordinary exiled Tibetans like us.

‘No merit’ in Chakraborty’s claims: Personal ethics talk sans details raises questions

By Jag Jivan  A recent opinion piece published in The Quint by Subhash Chandra Garg has raised questions over the circumstances surrounding the resignation of Atanu Chakraborty from HDFC Bank , with Garg stating that the exit “raises doubts about his own ‘ethics’.” Garg, currently Chief Policy Advisor at Subhanjali and former Secretary of the Department of Economic Affairs, Government of India, writes that the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) appears to find no substance in Chakraborty’s claims, noting, “It is clear the RBI sees no merit in Atanu Chakraborty’s wild and vague assertions.”

The myth of the world’s most popular leader: Deconstructing the Modi approval narrative

By Mohd. Ziyaullah Khan*  Every few months, Indian media headlines loudly proclaim that “Modi is the world’s most popular leader,” citing approval ratings from an American firm called Morning Consult. The moment such surveys are released, hordes of users—often linked to organised IT cells—begin echoing the same narrative, portraying the Indian Prime Minister as an indispensable global leader or “Vishwaguru.” Ironically, this is little more than a fallacious claim dressed up as celebration. 

Backwardness 'must be proven', not prayed into existence: Rejection of faith-based quotas

By Gajanan Khergamker   The Supreme Court has redrawn a firm constitutional line, ruling that affirmative action cannot be used to mask religious preference without undermining secularism. Its March 2026 verdict reiterates a foundational principle: backwardness must be proven, not presumed through faith. Reservations, the Court reminds us, are a remedy for historic injustice—not a tool of religious entitlement.

Miscalculation? Iranian escalation to 'inflict harm' on Israeli and US interests in the region

By Vijay Prashad   Last year, in July, the United States and Israel bombarded Iran’s nuclear energy and nuclear research facilities over twelve days. After a few days, the two belligerent powers—who had no United Nations authorisation for this war of aggression—opened the door for a ceasefire . At that time, believing that this might very well be the basis for a full negotiation, the Iranian government led by Supreme Leader Ali Hosseini Khamenei agreed to the terms set out: an immediate end to the strikes and no escalation. The missile launchers went quiet, but the deal was very fragile. 

Global indigenous movement calls for halt to evictions of Bangladesh's Garo peoples

By A Representative   The global civil rights group based in Philippines, International Indigenous Peoples Movement for Self-Determination and Liberation (IPMSDL), has issued a strong condemnation of what it describes as the ongoing, illegal forced eviction of Garo Indigenous peoples from their ancestral lands in the Madhupur Sal Forest in Tangail District, Bangladesh.

Larbi Ben M’Hidi: A founding leader of Algeria’s independence struggle

By Harsh Thakor*   Larbi Ben M'Hidi was one of the six founding members of the National Liberation Front (FLN). He was arrested in February 1957 during the Battle of Algiers and executed by French paratroopers after being tortured in custody. His death was officially recorded as suicide, but later admissions confirmed it was an extrajudicial killing. In 2024, French President Emmanuel Macron acknowledged France’s responsibility for his assassination.  

Beyond the human: Satyapal Sehgal's magical realism and ecological consciousness

By Ravi Ranjan*  Satyapal Sehgal occupies a distinctive space in contemporary Hindi literature as a poet of spiritual ecology and profound existential inquiry. His significance lies in his ability to deconstruct the anthropocentric ego—the modern human's narrow arrogance—and replace it with a cosmic citizenship that reconnects us to our primordial roots. Unlike many who view nature as mere backdrop for human emotion, Sehgal treats the forest, stars, and atmosphere as living relatives, creating a green aesthetics that bridges scientific ecological data with spiritual necessity.

50 years of India’s feminist movement: 'Unmuting' gains, fractures, and road ahead

By Jag Jivan   In a candid and wide-ranging conversation, three generations of feminist activists from Maharashtra have taken stock of the women's movement in India, tracing its evolution from the labour struggles of the 1970s to the complex, identity-driven challenges of the present day. Hosted by Gagan Sethi and Minar Pimple , the discussion, featured on the podcast Unmute , brought together veteran activists to reflect on 50 years of mobilization, legal battles, internal debates, and the daunting political landscape that lies ahead.

Election disruptions at Arunachal college raises concerns over campus safety and governance

By Neha Desai*  In the hills of Arunachal Pradesh, where education should be a beacon of hope for the state’s youth, Dera Natung Government College (DNGC) in Itanagar has been reduced to a gladiatorial arena. The All Arunachal Pradesh Students’ Union (AAPSU)—ostensibly a body meant to champion student welfare, rights, and academic excellence—has instead turned its 2026 general elections into a protracted saga of delays, disqualifications, and violence.  What was billed as a democratic exercise has devolved into a scramble for fame, influence, and the “fortune” that comes with union leadership in a politically charged state.

Bombs in Iran, policies in India: Targeting knowledge - education and culture under strain

By Rosamma Thomas*  When a US Tomahawk missile struck a school in the city of Minab in Iran, killing 175 students and teachers, the United States initially claimed the attack had been carried out by Iran. It later acknowledged that a Tomahawk missile—one not possessed by Iran—had been used, calling the strike a “mistake”. Iran’s Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi, in a video address to the United Nations, described the attack as deliberate. 

A 366-metre gap, a million commuters affected: Kolkata metro delay hurts public interest

By Atanu Roy*  Compromising the interests of ordinary people, the authorities concerned in West Bengal appear to be playing with the timeline of the Kolkata Metro’s Orange Line project , turning what should have been a transformative public transport corridor into a prolonged ordeal for commuters.