Over the past two decades, the global economy has undergone profound transformation. Liberalization and globalization have opened up trade, created new opportunities through technological advancement, and enabled large industries to expand across international borders. For some, these processes brought prosperity and progress; for many others, they marked the beginning of new hardships. While GDP figures continued to rise, the benefits of this growth failed to reach all sections of society equally. The unequal distribution of resources and the growing concentration of wealth have further deepened economic inequality.
In this era of globalization, economic disparity has reached alarming levels worldwide. On one hand, millions continue to struggle for basic necessities; on the other, the number of billionaires keeps increasing. A recent study by an Independent Experts Panel of the G-20 has confirmed this widening gap. According to the report, global inequality has reached a critical stage — between 2000 and 2024, the richest one percent of the world captured the vast majority of newly created wealth, while the bottom 50 percent received merely one percent.
India is no exception. In just two decades, the wealth of the richest one percent in the country has increased by 62 percent. In the world’s fourth-largest economy, the rich continue to accumulate wealth, while the poor find it increasingly difficult to break free from the cycle of poverty. This trend has intensified the already uneven distribution of resources and opportunities between the rich and the poor.
The G-20 panel’s findings should serve as a wake-up call for policymakers to seek new and practical solutions to curb this inequality. Recently, the Kerala government claimed to have eradicated extreme poverty in the state. While some experts and opposition leaders have expressed doubts about this claim, Kerala’s emphasis on people-centric development and community participation deserves appreciation. These initiatives have undeniably helped thousands of extremely poor families gain access to food, healthcare, and improved living conditions.
If governments act sincerely instead of focusing on vote-bank politics, meaningful poverty alleviation can be achieved. The increasing tendency to distribute free goods and services before elections must be curtailed. In truth, nothing comes without cost. Populist measures may offer short-term relief, but they also widen fiscal deficits and divert resources away from essential development projects. Instead of fostering dependency through giveaways, the government must empower people through access to credit, targeted subsidies, and productivity-enhancing support that promotes self-reliance.
Developing micro-level plans for every identified poor family would be a more effective strategy. Other states can adopt Kerala’s model, tailoring it to their specific local conditions. However, this requires both central and state governments to rely on transparent and reliable data.
Earlier this year, the World Bank reported that India lifted 17 crore people out of poverty between 2011–12 and 2022–23. While the central government welcomed this finding, questions were raised about the methodology used to assess poverty levels. It is important to recognize that statistics alone do not tell the full story — claims of poverty reduction must be validated by tangible improvements in people’s quality of life at the grassroots level.
Although many economists oppose the idea of imposing a wealth tax, the government must ensure that the ultra-rich contribute their fair share to public welfare. Sustainable development requires the participation of all — both rich and poor. Only by improving productivity and focusing on inclusive growth can India make genuine progress in eradicating poverty. This is the path that will bring the country closer to realizing its aspiration of becoming a developed nation.
There is no single solution to inequality, but the direction forward is clear. Economic growth must be inclusive and sustainable. Expanding access to quality education, healthcare, skill development, and basic infrastructure in rural and underdeveloped urban areas; strengthening social security systems; and generating stable employment opportunities are all essential steps. Poverty reduction must be directly linked to productivity — policies centered solely on free benefits may provide temporary comfort, but they cannot ensure long-term progress.
Empowering local institutions, self-help groups, community-driven initiatives, and civil society organizations can help ensure that progress reaches the grassroots. Reducing inequality is not merely about improving statistics — it is about creating fair opportunities for all. India must harness the benefits of liberalization and globalization while ensuring that no section of society is left behind. Only when economic progress reaches everyone can development be truly sustainable and meaningful. With sound policies and strong political will, it is indeed possible to reduce inequality and build an India where equal opportunities are a reality for all.
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