Venugopal's book 'explores' genesis, evolution of Andhra Naxalism

By Harsh Thakor* 

N. Venugopal has been one of the most vocal critics of the neo-fascist forces of Hindutva and Brahmanism, as well as the encroachment of globalization and liberalization over the last few decades. With sharp insight, Venugopal has produced comprehensive writings on social movements, drawing from his experience as a participant in student, literary, and broader social movements. 

A poet, literary critic, translator, social scientist, journalist, and public speaker, he has authored 15 books in Telugu and currently serves as the editor of "Veekshanam", a Telugu monthly on political economy and society. His works include "The Making of Varavara Rao", a prominent biography of the revolutionary poet. In 2012, Venugopal published "Understanding Maoists", a key collection of essays that provides a detailed narrative of the multi-layered Maoist movement.

Venugopal explores the genesis and evolution of the Naxalite or Maoist movement, focusing on its origins in Andhra Pradesh. He traces the roots of the renowned Srikakulam movement, examining the exploitation of tribal communities and the economic conditions from pre-independence to the 1950s, especially the zamindari system. He meticulously outlines the ebb and flow of the Srikakulam armed struggle and the relentless courage of the Girijan tribals in resisting state repression.

The book covers numerous people’s movements, such as the Manyam struggle led by Alluri Seetaramaraju (1922-24), various anti-zamindar peasant uprisings, and the Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle (1946-51). It also delves into significant movements like the Telangana statehood movement (1969), the Indravelli massacre (1981), and the dalit and women’s movements in Andhra Pradesh. Venugopal highlights how, since the 1960s, Naxalites/Maoists have played a crucial role in nearly all major progressive movements in the region.

Venugopal chronicles the destruction of the original CPI(ML) and the formation of the Central Organisation Committee in 1974, noting the significance of self-critical reports and the evolution of mass organizations such as Virasam, the Radical Students Union, and the Radical Youth League. He links the CPI(ML)-led Naxalbari movement with the Srikakulam uprising, showing how economic demands gradually transformed into political struggles for land reform, fair wages, and other social justice issues.

He also details the post-Emergency period (after 1975) and the surge in resistance led by the Radical Students Union, with tens of thousands fighting feudal exploitation. He traces the People's War Group’s rise and the severe state suppression it faced during the 1980s and early 1990s.

Agrarian analysis

In a chapter on "Maoist Analysis of Agrarian Transformation," Venugopal examines changes in the agrarian landscape over four decades, using case studies from villages like Manikyapur and Gouravelli. He highlights ongoing issues such as inadequate irrigation, debt burdens, and the failure of land reforms to bring meaningful change, emphasizing the contrast between visible improvements and deeper systemic issues.

In the chapter "Dream of Land, Livelihood, and Liberation," Venugopal recounts mass movements sparked by state repression, particularly the impact of the APRSU’s "Go to Village" campaign. He narrates how revolutionary movements spread across North Telangana, with landless peasants reclaiming thousands of acres of land. These struggles transcended land reform, addressing broader issues of livelihood, from Tendu leaf laborers to coal miners, with strong support from Naxalites.

Venugopal also explores the impact of the Naxalite movement on art and literature, highlighting the role of Virasam in shaping Telugu culture. He traces the influence of Virasam on people's movements and discusses the state’s repressive actions against its members in the 1970s.

The book sheds light on the ideological splits within the Naxalite/Maoist movement in Andhra Pradesh. Venugopal traces the formation of different factions, such as the CPI(ML)(People’s War) in 1980 and the CPI(Maoist) in 2004, while documenting the internal debates and reconfigurations that have shaped the movement over time.

Despite its strengths, the book overlooks some critical aspects of the movement, such as errors in the mass line of the People's War Group and the contributions of other trends like those led by T. Nagi Reddy and Chandra Pulla Reddy.

Overall, "Understanding Maoists" is a compelling account that examines the Naxalite movement’s legacy of sacrifice and its alternative vision of social and political transformation. It offers a detailed look at the movement’s impact on marginalized communities and its enduring struggle against systemic oppression.

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*Freelance journalist