Skip to main content

When virality becomes the message: The rise of AI-driven propaganda

By Mohd. Ziyaullah Khan* 
In the platform age, influence is no longer about persuasion alone; it is about reach, engagement, and spectacle.  
In March 2026, a series of unusual videos began circulating widely across social media. They depicted American President Donald Trump and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu as LEGO-style characters, placed in surreal, often disturbing wartime scenarios. Set to catchy, AI-generated music, these clips blended humour, satire, and horror—showing bombed schools, toy soldiers marching into rivers of blood, and miniature coffins draped in national flags. 
Some of these videos were even aired on Iranian state television, while others spread rapidly online through accounts claiming to be independent creators. Whether produced by state-linked entities, loosely affiliated groups, or opportunistic digital actors, the origin of the content was often unclear. What was evident, however, was its impact: the videos travelled fast, reached millions, and sparked widespread engagement.  
The ambiguity surrounding such content is not incidental—it is central to how modern propaganda operates. Groups like the so-called “Explosive News Team” claim independence even as their narratives align closely with state messaging. Meanwhile, official accounts increasingly adopt similar visual languages, blurring the boundary between grassroots creativity and government propaganda. This convergence complicates accountability. When platforms remove such content, they must justify whether it constitutes manipulation, propaganda, or simply viral art.  
What distinguishes this new wave of propaganda is not just its message but its form. War is no longer communicated solely through speeches, reports, or traditional media. It is packaged as memes, animations, and short videos that borrow heavily from popular culture. The White House itself has experimented with formats merging military footage with video game aesthetics, referencing titles like Call of Duty or Grand Theft Auto. In India, television channels often termed “Godi Media” have adopted similar strategies, reporting war updates with the cadence of sports commentary—sometimes even reducing human loss to scoreboard tallies.  
At the heart of this transformation lies the logic of the attention economy. On social media, the value of content is determined not by accuracy or authority but by its ability to capture attention. The most successful content combines familiarity with shock—recognisable formats placed in unexpected contexts. A LEGO animation of a bombing or a meme-styled war clip is more likely to be watched, shared, and discussed than a conventional news report. Crucially, users do not need to agree with such content to amplify it; they only need to find it compelling.  
This evolution has been a decade in the making. As early as 2015, ISIS was producing highly stylised recruitment videos that borrowed from gaming and cinematic aesthetics to appeal to younger audiences. In 2020, China’s Xinhua News Agency released a LEGO-style animation critiquing the United States’ handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Russia later adopted similar strategies in its campaigns around Eastern Europe. In India, the BJP’s IT cell experimented with meme-driven propaganda, soon replicated by mainstream media outlets. Across these examples lies a shared understanding: in the digital age, influence depends less on what content says than on how far and fast it travels.  
Satire and humour have become particularly potent tools in this landscape. They are engaging, easily digestible, and difficult to counter. A factual rebuttal to a meme or animated parody often appears slow, overly serious, and mismatched in tone. As a result, spectacle tends to outpace substance. Viral content reaches wider audiences than detailed reporting, shaping perceptions before facts can catch up. Recent figures illustrate this imbalance: social media videos related to ongoing conflicts have generated billions of impressions—far exceeding the reach of traditional news coverage. For many users, war is encountered first as content, and only later, if at all, as verified information.  
Generative AI has accelerated this shift. It enables rapid production of high-quality content at minimal cost, allowing both state and non-state actors to flood platforms with competing narratives. Attribution becomes difficult, as governments, proxy groups, and independent creators produce similar content, often reinforcing one another’s messages. For platforms, this raises difficult questions: What constitutes propaganda? Where is the line between creativity and manipulation? And who decides?  
The effectiveness of modern propaganda cannot be measured solely by whether it changes minds. Its impact is more subtle: it shapes the environment in which people interpret events. Viral content influences what feels important, what appears credible, and what emotions are associated with a conflict. It creates a shared atmosphere defined by spectacle, repetition, and emotional resonance. In this context, propaganda is not just about persuasion—it is about occupying attention.  
As media theorist Jacques Ellul argued decades ago, propaganda evolves with the systems that carry it. In today’s algorithm-driven ecosystem, it increasingly takes the form of content designed to travel—fast, far, and widely. The implications are profound. When memes, animations, and viral clips become the primary medium through which people encounter complex geopolitical realities, the line between information and entertainment dissolves. The question is no longer just what people believe, but what they see—and how often they see it. In an age where virality determines visibility, the most powerful message is not necessarily the most truthful one. It is the one that travels the furthest.  
AI-driven propaganda marks a shift where attention, not accuracy, shapes how conflicts are understood. As war is consumed increasingly through memes and viral content, complex realities risk being reduced to spectacle. This blurs the line between information and entertainment, making it harder to distinguish truth from manipulation. Addressing this challenge requires not only platform accountability but also stronger media literacy among users. Ultimately, the danger is not just that propaganda spreads; it is that it reshapes how reality itself is perceived. And in an age where the meme often becomes the message, the struggle for attention may prove just as consequential as the struggle for truth.  
---
*Feelance content writer and editor based in Nagpur; co-founder of TruthScape, a team of digital activists fighting disinformation on social media

Comments

TRENDING

Manufacturing, services: India's low-skill, middle-skill labour remains underemployed

By Francis Kuriakose* The Indian economy was in a state of deceleration well before Covid-19 made its impact in early 2020. This can be inferred from the declining trends of four important macroeconomic variables that indicate the health of the economy in the last quarter of 2019.

Why Indo-Pak relations have been on 'knife’s edge' , hostilities may remain for long

By Utkarsh Bajpai*  The past few decades have seen strides being made in all aspects of life – from sticks and stones to weaponry. The extreme case of this phenomenon has been nuclear weapons. The menace caused by nuclear weapons in the past is unforgettable. Images of Hiroshima and Nagasaki from 1945 come to mind, after the United States dropped two atomic bombs on the cities.

Civil society flags widespread violations of land acquisition Act before Parliamentary panel

By Jag Jivan   Civil society organisations and stakeholders from across India have presented stark evidence before the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Rural Development and Panchayati Raj , alleging systemic violations of the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (RFCTLARR) Act, 2013 , particularly in Scheduled Areas and tribal regions.

Food security? Gujarat govt puts more than 5 lakh ration cards in the 'silent' category

By Pankti Jog* A new statistical report uploaded by the Gujarat government on the national food security portal shows that ensuring food security for the marginalized community is still not a priority of the state. The statistical report, uploaded on December 24, highlights many weaknesses in implementing the National Food Security Act (NFSA) in state.

Incarceration of Prof Saibaba 'revives' the question: What is crime, who is criminal?

By Kunal Pant* In 2016, a Supreme Court Judge asked the state of Maharashtra, “Do you want to extract a pound of flesh?” The statement was directed against the state for contesting the bail plea of Delhi University Professor GN Saibaba. Saibaba was arrested in 2014, a justification for which was to prevent him from committing what the police called “anti-national activities.”

The soundtrack of resistance: How 'Sada Sada Ya Nabi' is fueling the Iran war

​ By Syed Ali Mujtaba*  ​The Persian track “ Sada Sada Ya Nabi ye ” by Hossein Sotoodeh has taken the world by storm. This viral media has cut across linguistic barriers to achieve cult status, reaching over 10 million views. The electrifying music and passionate rendition by the Iranian singer have resonated across the globe, particularly as the high-intensity military conflict involving Iran entered its second month in March 2026.

Protesters in UK cities voice concerns over alleged developments in Bastar region

By A Representative   Demonstrations were held across several cities in the United Kingdom on March 28, as groups and activists gathered to protest what they described as state actions in India under the reported “Operation Kagar.”

Concentration of wealth in India at levels 'comparable to colonial times', says new report

By Jag Jivan  A new report published in March 2026 by the Centre for Financial Accountability and the Tax The Top campaign paints a stark picture of deepening economic disparity in India, documenting a concentration of wealth that it argues is “comparable to colonial times.” Titled Wealth Tracker India | Tax the Top. Close the Gap , the compilation presents data from the World Inequality Database and the Hurun Rich List to illustrate the meteoric rise of the ultra-wealthy alongside the stagnation and debt burdens of the majority.

Beneath the stone: Revisiting the New Jersey mandir controversy

By Rajiv Shah  A recent report published in the British media outlet The Guardian , titled “Workers carved the largest modern Hindu temple in the west. Now, some have incurable lung disease,” took me back to my visits to the New Jersey mandir —first in 2022, when it was still under construction, though parts of it were open to visitors, and again in 2024, after its completion.