In Bihar’s politics, the triangle of crime, caste, and power has long played a decisive role. The term “Jungle Raj” was first used in 1997, but its meaning at that time was entirely different from its current political connotation. It originated when Lalu Prasad Yadav, embroiled in the fodder scam, resigned as Chief Minister and Rabri Devi took oath in his place. During a hearing on a petition related to waterlogging and poor drainage in Patna, the Patna High Court made an oral remark that “the condition of Patna is worse than a Jungle Raj.”
Opposition parties quickly adopted “Jungle Raj” as a political weapon, especially to target the Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) government. RJD and its supporters, however, describe it as the outcome of the process of social justice and empowerment of the marginalized, which the “dominant classes” sought to malign by labeling it as “Jungle Raj.”
Between the 1970s and 1980s, Bihar went through intense social and political upheaval. Land struggles, caste violence, and economic inequality gave rise to several criminal groups. After 1990, with the rise of social justice politics, backward and Dalit groups came to power, but this period also saw the strengthening of the crime-politics nexus. Over time, the line separating politics and crime in Bihar became increasingly blurred. “Strongman” candidates began to win elections through caste-based support and money power. The concept of crime and “Jungle Raj” in Bihar’s politics is not merely about law and order; it represents a complex story of social transformation, class conflict, and political ideology. The challenge for the future lies in maintaining a balance between social justice, good governance, and security so that both democracy’s credibility and public trust remain strong.
The politics of social justice in Bihar changed political representation but accountability and transparency in governance remained weak. In today’s elections, voters are not limited to caste identity alone—they are also considering issues like employment, education, law and order, and corruption. Nearly 60 percent of Bihar’s population is below 35 years of age, meaning that the youth play a decisive role in the state’s politics. Today’s young generation demands not just caste-based slogans or traditional appeals but concrete guarantees of jobs, education, opportunities, and good governance. Bihar continues to be among India’s poorest states, with 33.76 percent of its population below the poverty line. According to the Economic Survey 2023–24 presented in the state assembly, Bihar’s unemployment rate stands at 4.3 percent—0.9 percent higher than the national average of 3.4 percent. The state also leads in the number of migrant workers moving to other parts of India.
This time, employment once again lies at the heart of Bihar’s elections, and opposition leader Tejashwi Yadav has made it the central theme of his campaign. The promise of “government jobs” has become a hallmark of his politics, directly resonating with the emotions of the state’s youth. The question, however, is whether this promise will translate into public trust this time.
In the current elections, Tejashwi Yadav has again promised government jobs to attract the youth. The issue carries not only emotional weight but also practical significance in Bihar’s politics. Every year, lakhs of young people spend years preparing for competitive exams, but the recruitment process is often long and plagued by corruption. Many recruitment drives in recent years have been stalled or landed in court. In such a climate, the promise of “jobs” connects directly with the aspirations and frustrations of the youth. During the 2020 assembly elections, Tejashwi Yadav had promised 1 million government jobs, generating massive enthusiasm among young voters. In the 2025 elections, he has once again made employment the central agenda.
Tejashwi Yadav’s promise of government jobs is a politically powerful issue among Bihar’s youth, but its success will depend on whether he can present it as a credible, financially feasible, and time-bound plan. If he succeeds, this promise could indeed become a game-changer in the Bihar elections. Today’s youth no longer want promises—they want results. The leader who understands this difference will be the one to reach the throne of Patna.
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*Bargi Dam Displaced and Affected Association
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