Gujarat slips in India Justice Report 2025: From model state to mid-table performer

Overall ranking in IJR reports

By Rajiv Shah

The latest India Justice Report (IJR), prepared by legal experts with the backing of several civil society organisations and aimed at ranking the capacity of states to deliver justice, has found Gujarat—considered by India's rulers as a model state for others to follow—slipping to the 11th position from fourth in 2022.

Assessing 18 major states, identified as "large and mid-sized states", the 212-page report uses the "filters of human resources, infrastructure, budgets, workload and diversity" to evaluate the capacity of four core pillars of the justice system: police, prisons, judiciary, and legal aid.

There is a separate assessment of 23 State Human Rights Commissions across as many states, where the report ranks Gujarat 20th, with only three states performing worse—Jharkhand, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh. However, the report does not provide comparative data for previous years.

Offering a comprehensive picture from the previous three IJR reports on the four pillars of social justice—police, prisons, judiciary, and legal aid—the report shows that Gujarat steadily improved its position from 8th in 2019, to 6th in 2020, and a significant jump to 4th in 2022, before slipping sharply to 11th in 2025.

Judiciary, Legal Aid

Jointly prepared by the Centre for Social Justice, Common Cause, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative (CHRI), Daksh, and TISS-Prayas, which hired legal experts to separately assess each of the four pillars, the report states that the rankings reflect the year-on-year efforts made by state governments to improve justice administration on the ground.

The report maintains that the IJR would serve as "an easy but comprehensive tool" for policymakers to adopt "holistic policy frameworks" and identify "low-hanging fruit which, if tackled early on, can set off a chain reaction reformative of the whole." It would also assist donors, civil society, and the business community by offering objective data around which key stakeholders can shape their recommendations.

Claiming that this could trigger "participatory dialogues between governments and active citizens of disparate ideologies, underpinned by objective facts rather than premised in opinion", the report argues it would enhance the "chances for reforms through consensus building."

Based on publicly available data from various government bodies and the judiciary, the report finds that South Indian states—Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu—consistently outperform all 18 major states across the four key pillars of justice. In contrast, states performing worse than Gujarat include Haryana, Bihar, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.

Police, Jails

Analysing the four pillars separately, the report finds that Gujarat’s performance remains around the 9th position for police and prisons across all four IJR assessments. However, it significantly declines in the other two pillars: in judiciary, Gujarat slips to the 14th position in 2025 from 7th in 2019, 8th in 2020, and 9th in 2022; and in legal aid, it falls to 13th in 2025 from 6th in 2019, 9th in 2020, and 3rd in 2022.

The report attributes Gujarat’s poor judicial ranking to multiple factors: per capita spending on the judiciary dropped to Rs 101—the lowest among all 18 states; the population per High Court judge is 3,836,147—the highest in India; subordinate court judges face a 31.1% vacancy rate, while the High Court staff vacancy is at 46.6%—again the highest in India.

Regarding the legal aid category, Gujarat's low ranking, the report suggests, may stem from its Lok Adalats not only taking up "relatively few cases", but also having the lowest clearance rate in India—only 11,000 matters cleared, which amounts to just 2%. In contrast, the next better performers were Rajasthan with 3% and Maharashtra with 9%.

SHRCs

The report emphasises that Lok Adalats are a critical component of India’s legal aid framework, designed to amicably resolve disputes outside the formal court system. "These forums are meant to reduce court backlogs, promote speedy justice, and foster a culture of amicable settlement," it states.

While making few comments on individual states' performance, the report notes, "The number of people served by an urban police station varies vastly—from 8,500 in a small state like Arunachal to 2.8 lakh in Gujarat."

As for social justice in police recruitment, the report observes that, nationally, "fulfilling Scheduled Caste (SC) quotas lags behind meeting Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Other Backward Classes (OBC) quotas." It adds, "Only four states—Gujarat, Manipur, Karnataka, and Himachal Pradesh—met their SC quotas at both officer and constabulary levels."

Regarding State Citizen Portals, intended to enhance public engagement with law enforcement by offering services such as FIR registration, complaint submission, and cybercrime reporting, the report laments, "no state portal offered the complete suite of mandated services." However, it acknowledges that "Gujarat and Uttar Pradesh stand out for providing 90 per cent of the services," and that "Gujarat and Sikkim maintain well-updated and user-friendly websites."

Comments

When democracy becomes a performance: The Tibetan exile experience

By Tseten Lhundup* I was born in Bylakuppe, one of the largest Tibetan settlements in southern India. From childhood, I grew up in simple barracks, along muddy roads, and in fields with limited resources. Over the years, I have watched our democratic system slowly erode. Observing the recent budget session of the 17th Tibetan Parliament-in-Exile, these “democratic procedures” appear grand and orderly on the surface, yet in reality they amount to little more than empty formalities. The parliamentarians seem largely disconnected from the everyday struggles faced by ordinary exiled Tibetans like us.

Fair prices, fresh produce: Vegetable market opens in Rajasthan tribal village

By Vikas Meshram* On 18 March 2026, the tribal village of Sajjangarh in southern Rajasthan witnessed the grand and dignified inauguration of a new vegetable market (mandi). Established through the tireless joint efforts of the Krushi Avam Adivasi Swaraj Sangathan (Bhilkuaan) and Vaagdhara, under the active leadership of the Gram Panchayat of Sajjangarh, the market is being hailed as a cornerstone for local self-governance, self-reliance, and a sustainable rural economy.

Study links sanctions to 500,000 deaths annually leading to rise in global backlash

By Bharat Dogra International opinion is increasingly turning against the expanding burden of sanctions imposed on a growing number of countries. These measures are contributing to humanitarian crises, intensifying domestic discord, and heightening international tensions, thereby increasing the risks of conflicts and wars.

Ex-IAS Atanu Chakraborty and a tale of two different Gujarat vision documents

By Rajiv Shah The likely appointment of Atanu Chakraborty as HDFC Bank chairman interested me for several reasons, but above all because I have interacted with him closely during my more than 14 year stint in Gandhinagar for the “Times of India”. One of the few decent Gujarat cadre bureaucrats, Chakraborty, belonging to the 1985 IAS batch, at least till I covered Sachivalaya was surely above controversies. He loved to remain faceless, never desired publicity, was professional to the core, and never indulged in loose talk. When he neared retirement, which happened in April 2020, first there were rumours in Sachivalaya that he would be appointed SEBI chairman, and then there was talk he would be chairman (or was it CEO?) of Gujarat International Finance Tec (GIFT) City (a dream project of Narendra Modi as Gujarat chief minister, which as Prime Minister Modi wants to promote, come what may). But, for some strange reasons, and I don’t know why, none of this happened, despite the fact...

Weaponised bravery, institutionalised cowardice as the engine of authoritarianism

By Bhabani Shankar Nayak* The insidious politics of crony capitalism is accelerating at an unprecedented pace, aided by the reckless expansion of artificial intelligence and other technologies designed not to liberate but to dominate, domesticate, and dehumanise societies. Alongside this, an illiberal politics of cowardice is emerging—serving as an accomplice to dehumanisation amid growing imperialist wars and conflicts across the world. Death in distant lands no longer stirs conscience. The push-button culture of digital screens has transformed social media into a disconnected, individualised, Hobbesian space, where the puritan pursuit of self-interest is elevated as the essence of human existence.

Moon missions and manholes: Development's drumbeat drowns out deaths in sewers

By Vikas Meshram* We proudly narrate the story of our nation’s progress. On every platform, we speak of the success of Chandrayaan , Digital India , and our rapidly growing economy. But behind this radiant picture lies a darkness—the world of sanitation workers who descend into sewers, risking their lives. This darkness is not confined to the drains alone; it runs deep within the conscience of our society.

Witnessing Iran beyond propaganda: Truth, war, and the path beyond western paradigm

By Naile Manjarrés On June 23, 2025—marked as the 2nd of Tir, 1404, on the Persian calendar—a ceasefire between Iran and Israel was announced. This "night of the decree" shifted the trajectory of global affairs; although the world may appear unchanged on the surface, we have yet to fully grasp its impact.

Best left-handed cricket XI of all-time: Could it beat an all-time right-hander XI?

By Harsh Thakor* This is my all-time left-handers Test XI. It could arguably give an all-time right-handers XI a strong run for its money, boasting the likes of Garry Sobers, Brian Lara, Wasim Akram, and Adam Gilchrist.

Dhurandhar: The Revenge — Blurring the line between fiction and political narrative

By Mohd. Ziyaullah Khan* "Dhurandhar: The Revenge" does not wait to be remembered; it arrives almost on the heels of its predecessor, released on March 19, 2026, just months after the first film’s December 2025 debut. The speed of its arrival feels less like creative urgency and more like calculated timing—cinema responding not to storytelling rhythm but to the emotional climate of its audience. Director Aditya Dhar, along with actor Yami Gautam, appears acutely aware of this moment and how to harness it.

Search This Blog