Corporate control and political pressure: The twin pillars of media decline in India

By Mohd Ziyauallah Khan* 

The 2026 World Press Freedom Index, recently released by Reporters Without Borders (RSF), delivers a sobering verdict on the health of the world’s largest democracy: India has slipped to 157th out of 180 countries. This six-place drop from its 151st position in 2025 is not merely a statistical fluctuation; it is a signal of a deepening systemic crisis. 

As the global landscape of media freedom reaches its lowest point in a quarter-century, India’s descent places it below regional neighbors like Nepal (87), Sri Lanka (134), and even Pakistan (153). When a nation with such a vast and storied media ecosystem finds itself trailing behind conflict-ridden zones like Palestine, the narrative of a thriving, independent fourth estate begins to fracture.

​This decline is driven by an increasingly hostile environment for those who dare to ask difficult questions. RSF describes the current climate as an "unofficial state of emergency," characterized by a "spectacular rapprochement" between political power and massive corporate conglomerates. 

The numbers tell a story of staggering concentration: Mukesh Ambani’s Reliance Industries Network18 group now controls over 70 media outlets, while Gautam Adani’s 2022 acquisition of NDTV—once a bastion of mainstream independence—is cited by the Reuters Institute as a pivotal turning point. 

When a handful of entities dominate television and digital news, the result is a narrowing of democratic discourse. Editorial lines inevitably begin to mirror corporate and political interests, creating a structural control that silences dissent not through overt censorship alone, but through the selective amplification of government narratives.

​The pressure on the ground is even more visceral. On average, two to three journalists are killed each year in India in connection with their work. Beyond the threat of physical violence, reporters face a gauntlet of legal and economic hurdles. Colonial-era sedition laws and modern anti-terror statutes are frequently deployed against critical voices, while the media’s heavy reliance on government advertising creates a subtle but potent leash on editorial autonomy. 

For independent journalists and digital creators, the reality is a daily barrage of online harassment, doxxing, and coordinated trolling. This environment is particularly toxic for women and minority journalists, who remain drastically underrepresented in leadership roles and face disproportionate abuse when they enter the public fray.

​The rise of "Godi media"—a term popularized to describe outlets perceived as subservient to the ruling establishment—reflects a shift from investigative scrutiny to stenography. This is exacerbated by a leadership style that largely eschews regular press conferences, opting instead for controlled communication. 

However, the crisis extends beyond political personalities; it is rooted in a lack of newsroom diversity where leadership remains dominated by a narrow demographic, often ignoring the perspectives of marginalized communities. When the voices of the public are filtered through such a limited lens, the "pluralism" India prides itself on becomes a hollow concept.

​Ultimately, India’s fall to 157th is a warning that the space for independent journalism is being systematically paved over. A democracy’s strength is measured not just by the act of voting, but by the vitality of its dissent. If questioning authority becomes a high-risk venture, the democratic fabric of the nation weakens. 

Safeguarding the press is not a luxury for the media elite; it is a fundamental requirement for a transparent and accountable society. Without a free and fearless press, the world’s largest democracy risks becoming a place where the truth is merely whatever the loudest and most powerful voices say it is.

---

*Freelance content writer & editor based in Nagpur; cofounder, TruthScape, a team of digital activists fighting disinformation on social media