By Ram Puniyani* In pre-colonial India, Hindu society was broadly governed by the Manusmriti, where caste and gender hierarchy formed the core of its values. During the colonial period, as education, transport and modern administration took root, the seeds of democracy began to sprout. These changes were oriented around the emerging concept of secular nationalism. The various components of this transformation included the struggle for workers' rights, the expansion of education, the empowerment of Dalits and women, and the concept of equal citizenship for all, irrespective of religion, caste, language or gender.