Why volunteering won’t save the world, it will save capitalism

By Bhabani Shankar Nayak 

The job posting sounds noble: “Seeking passionate self-starter. Unpaid. College credit available. Great for your résumé.” Every year, millions of young people—students, recent graduates, career-changers—sign up for positions just like it. They staff food banks, tutor children, clean riverbanks, and code for startups, all in the name of “giving back” or “gaining experience.” They are told they are volunteers. In truth, they have become entries in a hidden ledger of capitalism, where goodwill is logged as free labor and solidarity is booked as a business expense.

There is nothing new about volunteering. Mutual aid—neighbors feeding neighbors, communities building schools, strangers showing up for one another—is as old as human society. It has powered liberation movements, disaster relief, and peace campaigns. It has also, at times, been weaponized: by empires seeking conscripts, by monarchs seeking armies, by ideologies seeking foot soldiers. But its most sophisticated capture is happening right now, not with force, but with a smile and a LinkedIn endorsement.

Over the past two decades, volunteering has been institutionalized into an “employability” machine. Universities operate career hubs that channel students toward unpaid placements. Charities and NGOs, chronically underfunded by governments that have retreated from public services, rely on a rotating cast of free workers to stay afloat. Corporations launder their images through “volunteer days” and corporate social responsibility campaigns, collecting tax advantages and public goodwill while their core business models continue to extract from workers and the natural world. Digital platforms have accelerated the trend, creating vast marketplaces where unpaid labor is traded for “exposure,” “networking,” and “portfolio building.”

The result is a sleight of hand. Work that should be paid—administration, teaching, caregiving, environmental remediation—is reclassified as a “learning opportunity.” The language of passion and mission is deployed to obscure the reality of precarity. Young people, facing a regime of jobless growth and staggering debt, are encouraged to treat their own unpaid labor as a speculative investment in a future that may never arrive. The “third sector” of nonprofits and NGOs, rather than challenging the economic order that produces the crises they address, has become a shock absorber for it. Volunteering doesn’t just patch the holes in the social safety net; it helps disguise the fact that the net was deliberately cut.

This is not an argument against helping one another. It is an argument against the systematic misappropriation of our instinct to help. When altruism is woven into capitalist structures, it ceases to be solidarity and becomes a commodity. The worker is bound ever more intimately to the workplace, not by wages or rights, but by gratitude, ambition, and the fear of falling behind. Genuine civic engagement is eroded, replaced by a transactional logic in which every hour of kindness must yield a career return.

There is a way out, but it requires honesty. We must stop pretending that unpaid labor is a gift economy when it is, in fact, a subsidy to institutions that can afford to pay. Governments should regulate unpaid internships and require fair wages for work performed under the banner of volunteering. Universities must cease using “service learning” as a euphemism for free staffing. And we, as a society, need to rebuild spaces of mutual aid that are deliberately insulated from market logic—places where help is given not to pad a résumé, but because human dignity demands it.

Capitalism has proven adept at monetizing everything, including our best impulses. The question is whether we will let it keep the books.

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*Academic based in UK