Ideological dissonance? A critical analysis of Left’s engagement with Indian traditions

By Harasankar Adhikari 

India has long been recognized as a land of religious diversity. People from multiple religious backgrounds have coexisted for centuries, making “unity in diversity” a foundational idea of the Indian identity. Among these communities, followers of Sanatan Dharma, or Hindus, constitute the majority.

Historically, India witnessed several invasions, some of which led to religious conversions and cultural shifts. These developments have shaped modern India's socio-political structure, particularly after it emerged as a democratic republic. The multiparty system reflects diverse ideological perspectives, including those from the political Left.

The Indian Left, traditionally aligned with Marxist or socialist ideologies, has often viewed religion—particularly organized or dominant religious expressions—as a factor influencing social hierarchy and inequality. This perspective can be seen as divergent from figures like Swami Vivekananda, who emphasized religion as central to India’s civilizational identity. Over time, reform movements within Sanatan Dharma have attempted to address internal challenges and democratize spiritual practices.

The Indian Constitution adopted the word “secular” in its Preamble in 1976 through the 42nd Amendment. Secularism in India is often interpreted as equal respect for all religions, though its practical application continues to be a subject of debate. Some argue that secularism has been politicized, while others see it as essential for maintaining harmony in a pluralistic society.

Critics of the Indian Left allege that its approach to secularism is sometimes perceived as selective. While the Left has supported the rights of religious minorities, opponents claim it has failed to equally address concerns related to the Hindu community, especially in cases of religious violence. This perceived asymmetry has led to accusations that the Left is indifferent or even antagonistic toward Hindu sentiments, though supporters of the Left argue that its stance is rooted in a commitment to minority rights and social justice.

Historical events have also shaped these perceptions. For instance, during the long rule of the Left Front in West Bengal, led by leaders like Jyoti Basu, certain symbolic acts—such as not formally hosting the national flag—sparked controversy, though not all such actions were necessarily illegal or unconstitutional. Critics interpret such incidents as signs of inadequate patriotic commitment, while defenders attribute them to ideological differences or symbolic protest.

Similarly, reactions to incidents of religious violence—whether in Kashmir, Bangladesh, or within India—often become a lens through which political allegiances are judged. The Left has been accused of underplaying acts of religious extremism, particularly those involving Islamist groups, while being vocal on issues like Palestine or international conflicts involving Muslim populations. Supporters argue that such global solidarity is consistent with Leftist principles of anti-imperialism and human rights.

The slogan “Kashmir Maange Azadi” (Kashmir wants freedom), reportedly raised during student protests associated with Left-affiliated groups, has been cited by critics as an example of anti-national sentiment. However, such slogans are also defended as part of free speech in a democratic society, though they remain contentious in public discourse.

The question arises whether ideologies like Marxism, which originated in different historical and cultural contexts, are fully compatible with India’s unique civilizational fabric. Leaders like Subhas Chandra Bose had warned that such ideologies must be adapted carefully to the Indian context.

Ultimately, India’s democracy allows for ideological pluralism. Constructive criticism of any political group, including the Left, is necessary. At the same time, broad labels such as “anti-national” or “anti-patriotic” should be used cautiously, supported by evidence, and situated within the framework of democratic debate and legal norms.