Sheikh Hasina: Examining the legacy and challenges of the world’s longest-serving female head of government

By Bharat Dogra 

Leadership, especially in challenging circumstances, often invites scrutiny and debate. Sheikh Hasina, the longest-serving female head of government, has led Bangladesh for nearly two decades, overseeing substantial improvements in human development indicators. However, her tenure has also faced significant criticism from sections of the media, particularly regarding her governance style and recent political developments.  

Bangladesh presents a unique example of women in leadership, with female politicians having held the highest office for a substantial portion of the country’s 53-year history. Sheikh Hasina stands out as the longest-serving among them, surpassing leaders such as Indira Gandhi of India, Angela Merkel of Germany, and Vigdís Finnbogadóttir of Iceland.  

Under Hasina’s leadership, Bangladesh made significant strides in several key areas, including economic growth, healthcare, and literacy. Initiatives such as the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord and providing refuge to nearly a million Rohingya refugees garnered international recognition. Her government also received awards for its efforts in women’s empowerment and education.  

Despite these achievements, criticisms of Hasina's tenure have intensified, particularly regarding governance practices and political opposition. Some analysts argue that political suppression and electoral challenges have raised concerns about democracy and political inclusivity in Bangladesh. Meanwhile, others believe that her leadership has been misrepresented in international discourse, with external geopolitical interests influencing media narratives.  

Historical comparisons between Bangladesh and Pakistan highlight the country's progress in human development. Despite facing significant challenges, Bangladesh has outperformed Pakistan in indicators such as female literacy and infant mortality. These improvements, achieved despite high population density and economic limitations, underscore the impact of long-term governance strategies.  

Hasina’s political journey has been marked by personal tragedies and resilience. The assassination of her father, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and other family members in 1975 shaped her early years in exile. Upon returning to Bangladesh, she assumed leadership of the Awami League and navigated a complex political landscape, including multiple assassination attempts and imprisonment.  

Recent developments, including her political exile, charges against her, and restrictions on her party, have raised concerns about Bangladesh’s political stability. Some observers attribute these events to internal political dynamics, while others point to external influences and shifting geopolitical interests.  

As Bangladesh moves forward, an objective assessment of Sheikh Hasina’s legacy—acknowledging both achievements and challenges—remains crucial. A balanced discourse, free from political bias, can help foster informed dialogue on the country’s future path toward democracy, stability, and development.  

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The writer is Honorary Convener, Campaign to Save Earth Now. His recent books include Protecting Earth for Children, Planet in Peril, A Day in 2071, and Man over Machine—A Path to Peace