Skip to main content

Violation of constitutional provisions, Rajya Sabha privileges through Money Bill route

By Venkatesh Nayak*
The Government of India is seeking to amend the Income Tax Act, 1961 to make it compulsory for taxpayers to have Aadhaar for filing income tax returns (IT returns). If the Aadhaar number or an Aadhaar enrolment number is not provided by a taxpayer at the time of filing IT returns, after 01 July, 2017, the Permanent Account Number (PAN) will be treated as invalid. At the time of writing this email alert, the text of this amendment proposal was not uploaded on the websites of the Lok Sabha or the Ministry of Finance.

Amendment proposal extends the scope of Aadhaar beyond Aadhaar Act, 2016

The proposed move to amend the Income Tax Act to make Aadhaar compulsory for filing IT returns goes completely against what is said in the Aadhaar Act, 2016. That law is meant for targeted subsidies and payments made out of the Consolidated Fund of India. The income tax that we taxpayers pay is credited into the Consolidated Fund of India. In order to escape this contradiction the Government is making Aadhaar mandatory by amending the Income Tax Act, 1961. So while the Aadhaar Act makes Aadhaar registration for several matters mandatory by justifying that it is an “entitlement for the registered person” (but it cannot be used as proof of citizenship), other laws are being amended to make Aadhaar compulsory for matters not covered by the Aadhaar Act. This is a gross violation of the assurances that the Central Government has been giving the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India in the poending PIL case against the constitutional validity of Aadhaar. I hope the petitioners who are before the Apex Court, will enlarge the scope of the petition to challenge not just the Aadhaar Act but the “concept, practice and the very discourse of Aadhaar”. I would be grateful for an update from readers about what the Constitution Bench is doing with this PIL petition.

All Money Bills are financial Bills but all Bills relating to financial matters are not ‘Money Bills’

Today when an MP raised a point of order to the tabling of the proposal to amend the Income Tax Act in the Finance Bill, 2017 by labelling it a ‘Money Bill”, the Speaker is said to have explained that under Rule 219 of the Rules of Business and Procedure this is permissible.
When a Finance Bill contains proposals to amend other laws should it be labelled a “Money Bill”?
In 2008, I had researched this issue extensively in relation to a Bill to amend the 2004 Right to Information Act in J&K which the then State Govt. pushed through the State Legislature as a ‘Money Bill’. When we along with other civil society partners raised this constitutional impropriety publicly, the Governor did not give his assent to the Bill but the then Deputy Chief Minister seemed to have convinced him to sign on the dotted line by claiming that the Governor could not refuse assent to a Money Bill.
I strongly believe that all ‘Money Bills’ are Financial Bills but all Financial Bills are not, cannot and must not be labelled ‘Money Bills’. Money Bills are only a subset of the larger category of financial Bills. To treat all Financial Bills as ‘Money Bills’ would be a blatant violation of the privilege of the Upper House to do its sacred duty of tempering the majoritarian enthusiasm of the Lower House. Our legal opinion sent to the Governor of J&K in 2008 on this issue is attached to this email. The core arguments are explained below.
Article 110 of the Constitution defines a ‘Money Bill’ as follows:
“110. Definition of Money Bills: (1) For the purposes of this Chapter, a Bill shall be deemed to be a Money Bill if it contains only provisions dealing with all or any of the following matters, namely:—
(a) the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax;
(b) the regulation of the borrowing of money or the giving of any guarantee by the Government of India, or the amendment of the law with respect to any financial obligations undertaken or to be undertaken by the Government of India;
(c) the custody of the Consolidated Fund or the Contingency Fund of India, the payment of moneys into or the withdrawal of moneys from any such Fund;
(d) the appropriation of moneys out of the Consolidated Fund of India;
(e) the declaring of any expenditure to be expenditure charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or the increasing of the amount of any such expenditure;
(f) the receipt of money on account of the Consolidated Fund of India or the public account of India or the custody or issue of such money or the audit of the accounts of the Union or of a State; or
(g) any matter incidental to any of the matters specified in sub-clauses (a) to (f).
(2) A Bill shall not be deemed to be a Money Bill by reason only that it provides for the imposition of fines or other pecuniary penalties, or for the demand or payment of fees for licences or fees for services rendered, or by reason that it provides for the imposition, abolition, remission, alteration or regulation of any tax by any local authority or body for local purposes.
(3) If any question arises whether a Bill is a Money Bill or not, the decision of the Speaker of the House of the People thereon shall be final.
(4) There shall be endorsed on every Money Bill when it is transmitted to the Council of States under article 109, and when it is presented to the President for assent under article 111, the certificate of the Speaker of the House of the People signed by him that it is a Money Bill.”
So, if the amendments proposed to the Finance Bill 2017 provide for the invalidation of a PAN number simply because Aadhaar number was not quoted by the taxpayer while filing the IT Returns, then a taxpayer will not be able to file his or her IT Returns. This could lead to penal action and imposition of penalties under the Income Tax Act. Therefore, there is a Constitutional bar on certifying a Bill containing extraneous financial matters as a ‘Money Bill’. The Rajya Sabha is not empowered to vote on a “Money Bill”. It can only debate its contents.

Lok Sabha Speaker’s explanation and eventual action may be unconstitutional

Rule 219 of the Lok Sabha’s Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business explains a “Finance Bill” in the following terms:
“219. (1) In this rule “Finance Bill” means the Bill ordinarily introduced in each year to give effect to the financial proposals of the Government of India for the next following financial year and includes a Bill to give effect to supplementary financial proposals for any period.”
However, Rule 219 does not make a reference to ‘other financial bills’ which are not ‘Money Bills’.
Article 107 of the Constitution clearly indicates that there could be “financial bills” other than Money Bills as I have argued above in the first section of this email alert:
“107. (1) Subject to the provisions of articles 109 and 117 with respect to Money Bills and other financial Bills, a Bill may originate in either House of Parliament.”
Article 117(3) makes the leave of the President mandatory for the tabling of Bills involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India, in Parliament:
“(3) A Bill which, if enacted and brought into operation, would involve expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India shall not be passed by either House of Parliament unless the President has recommended to that House the consideration of the Bill.”
“Other financial Bills” could relate to matters that require payments to be made out of the Consolidated Fund of India. Such Bills can be introduced in Parliament through either House, unlike a Money Bill which must be introduced through the Lok Sabha only. nder Article 117 of the Constitution, both Money Bills and other financial Bills require the leave of the President of India to be tabled in Parliament. So, the Right to Information Bill was a financial Bill that was tabled with the leave of the President of India because it involved the creation of a Central Information Commission that would have to be financed out of the Consolidated Fund of India. But the RTI Bill was not a “Money Bill” because it did not match any of the criteria provided in Article 110 of the Constitution (as explained above).
So by conflating the category “Finance Bill” (which is the title of Rule 219) with the category of “other financial Bills” if the Hon’ble Speaker certifies the Finance Bill, 2017 as a ‘Money Bill’, when the proposed amendments adopted by the Lok Sabha are transmitted to the Rajya Sabha, and later on to the President of India for his assent, that would be a grave constitutional impropriety.
Therefore it is respectfully submitted that the explanation given yesterday by the Hon’ble Speaker about certifying the Finance Bill, 2017 which contains proposals to amend several other laws and the currently proposed amendments to the Income Tax Act, as a ‘Money Bill’ is unreasonable and untenable, given the crystal clear language of Articles 107, 109 and 110 of the Constitution and Rule 219 of the Lok Sabha Rules of Business and Procedure.
Some petitioners have already challenged the ‘mis-certification’ of the Aadhar Act as a ‘Money Bill” when it was tabled in Parliament. This latest move of the Central Government should also be challenged as being unconstitutional. The Speaker’s act of labelling such Bills as “Money Bills” should not be afforded immunity from challenge in Courts when they violate the Constitution itself. The Supreme Court must step in to guard and protect the Constitution and the privilege of the Rajya Sabha to discuss and vote on “other financial Bills”.
—
*Programme Coordinator, Access to Information Programme, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, New Delhi

Comments

Post a Comment

TRENDING

Grueling summer ahead: Cuttack’s alarming health trends and what they mean for Odisha

By Sudhansu R Das  The preparation to face the summer should begin early in Odisha. People in the state endure long, grueling summer months starting from mid-February and extending until the end of October. This prolonged heat adversely affects productivity, causes deaths and diseases, and impacts agriculture, tourism and the unorganized sector. The social, economic and cultural life of the state remains severely disrupted during the peak heat months.
Post a Comment
»

Stronger India–Russia partnership highlights a missed energy breakthrough

By N.S. Venkataraman*  The recent visit of Russian President Vladimir Putin to India was widely publicized across several countries and has attracted significant global attention. The warmth with which Mr. Putin was received by Prime Minister Narendra Modi was particularly noted, prompting policy planners worldwide to examine the implications of this cordial relationship for the global economy and political climate. India–Russia relations have stood on a strong foundation for decades and have consistently withstood geopolitical shifts. This is in marked contrast to India’s ties with the United States, which have experienced fluctuations under different U.S. administrations.
Post a Comment
»

From natural farming to fair prices: Young entrepreneurs show a new path

By Bharat Dogra   There have been frequent debates on agro-business companies not showing adequate concern for the livelihoods of small farmers. Farmers’ unions have often protested—generally with good reason—that while they do not receive fair returns despite high risks and hard work, corporate interests that merely process the crops produced by farmers earn disproportionately high profits. Hence, there is a growing demand for alternative models of agro-business development that demonstrate genuine commitment to protecting farmer livelihoods.
Post a Comment
»

The Vande Mataram debate and the politics of manufactured controversy

By Vidya Bhushan Rawat*  The recent Vande Mataram debate in Parliament was never meant to foster genuine dialogue. Each political party spoke past the other, addressing its own constituency, ensuring that clips went viral rather than contributing to meaningful deliberation. The objective was clear: to construct a Hindutva narrative ahead of the Bengal elections. Predictably, the Lok Sabha will likely expunge the opposition’s “controversial” remarks while retaining blatant inaccuracies voiced by ministers and ruling-party members. The BJP has mastered the art of inserting distortions into parliamentary records to provide them with a veneer of historical legitimacy.
Post a Comment
»

A comrade in culture and controversy: Yao Wenyuan’s revolutionary legacy

By Harsh Thakor*  This year marks two important anniversaries in Chinese revolutionary history—the 20th death anniversary of Yao Wenyuan, and the 50th anniversary of his seminal essay "On the Social Basis of the Lin Biao Anti-Party Clique". These milestones invite reflection on the man whose pen ignited the first sparks of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution and whose sharp ideological interventions left an indelible imprint on the political and cultural landscape of socialist China.
Post a Comment
»

The cost of being Indian: How inequality and market logic redefine rights

By Vikas Gupta   We, the people of India, are engaged in a daily tryst—read: struggle—for basic human rights. For the seemingly well-to-do, the wish list includes constant water supply, clean air, safe roads, punctual public transportation, and crime-free neighbourhoods. For those further down the ladder, the struggle is starker: food that fills the stomach, water that doesn’t sicken, medicines that don’t kill, houses that don’t flood, habitats at safe distances from polluted streams or garbage piles, and exploitation-free environments in the public institutions they are compelled to navigate.
Post a Comment
»

Why India must urgently strengthen its policies for an ageing population

By Bharat Dogra   A quiet but far-reaching demographic transformation is reshaping much of the world. As life expectancy rises and birth rates fall, societies are witnessing a rapid increase in the proportion of older people. This shift has profound implications for public policy, and the need to strengthen frameworks for healthy and secure ageing has never been more urgent. India is among the countries where these pressures will intensify most sharply in the coming decades.
Post a Comment
»

Thota Sitaramaiah: An internal pillar of an underground organisation

By Harsh Thakor*  Thota Sitaramaiah was regarded within his circles as an example of the many individuals whose work in various underground movements remained largely unknown to the wider public. While some leaders become visible through organisational roles or media attention, many others contribute quietly, without public recognition. Sitaramaiah was considered one such figure. He passed away on December 8, 2025, at the age of 65.
Post a Comment
»

Proposals for Babri Masjid, Ram Temple spark fears of polarisation before West Bengal polls

By A Representative   A political debate has emerged in West Bengal following recent announcements about plans for new religious structures in Murshidabad district, including a proposed mosque to be named Babri Masjid and a separate announcement by a BJP leader regarding the construction of a Ram temple in another location within Behrampur.
Post a Comment
»